The Failure of United Nations Peacekeeping free essay sample

The Republic of Rwanda is a country located in East-Central Africa. It is surrounded by the countries Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital city is Kigali. 1. 1 Pre-Colonial Rwanda In the fifteenth century, one chiefdom managed to integrate several of its neighbors, hereby establishing the Kingdom of Rwanda. This kingdom ruled over most of what is now considered Rwanda. Through a contract known as ubuhake, the Hutu farmers pledged their services and those of their descendants to a Tutsi lord in return for the loan of cattle and use of pastures and arable land.Thus, the Tutsi reduced the Hutu to virtual serfdom. However, boundaries of race and class became less distinct over the years as some Tutsi declined until they enjoyed few advantages over the Hutu. Although some ethnic Hutus were among the nobility and significant intermingling took place, the Hutu made up 82–85% of the population and were mostly poor peasants. We will write a custom essay sample on The Failure of United Nations Peacekeeping or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In general, the kings, known as Mwamis, were Tutsi. Besides the Tutsis and Hutus, there are also the Twas. The Twas, or pygmy people, are often neglected to be mentioned in history. Although several thousand Twas were killed during the 1994 genocide. 1. 2 Colonial RwandaAlthough the Hutus and Tutsis had their ethnic conflict, it had never led to any real slayings between these two ethnic groups. At least not until the kingdom of Rwanda became colonized by the Germans in the 19th century. â€Å"The Germans were the first Europeans to set foot in Rwanda. † Although there was already some sort of ethnic division among the Hutus and the Tutsis, it was the Germans that brought the situation to escalation. The Tutsis considered themselves superior to the Hutus and the Twas. When the Germans came they did not try and change this way of thinking in Rwanda. Instead, the Germans encouraged train of thought.Actually, the Germans went a step further by classifying these people. Tutsis were those that had a â€Å"European nose† and were light-skinned. Because of their outward appearance, the Germans regarded the Tutsis as being the superior race in Rwanda. They (the Germans) made sure that the Tutsis were the ruling race and the Hutus the inferiors. After World War I, control of Rwanda passed to Belgium. Rwanda was then known as Ruanda-Urundi. Though there was a new nation to govern Rwanda, the Belgians continued with the ethnic division. During this period, citizens of Rwanda were given racial identification cards.These cards indicated whether one was Hutu, Twa or Tutsi. Later on this slightly changed due to the fact that there were many wealthy Hutus. The citizens still given racial identification cards but now if a citizen owned 10 or more cows he/she was then considered Tutsi. 1. 3 The Years Following Colonialism In 1962, Rwanda was granted independence by Belgium and from this point on the racial hatred grew. Unlike all the previous years, the Hutus took control in Rwanda. The first Rwandan president, Gregoire Kayibanda, was a Hutu and was president from 1962 until 1973, when he was relieved of his presidency by Juvenal Habyarimana, also a Hutu.Under the presidency of Juvenal Habyarimana, Rwanda did enjoy a few years of economic prosperity. This, however, did not last all too long. Many Tutsis had fled Rwanda to Burundi when the Hutus came to power, because they feared that they would be treated badly due to the history shared by these two ethnic groups. While in Burundi, the Tutsis were able to seize military control over the country. This led to random violence within the country. It is estimated that in Burundi, more that 20,000 Hutus were slaughtered by the Tutsi army. Although there were many uprisings by the Hutus, the Tutsi army in Burundi was much too powerful.Around 1986, Tutsi military leader by the name of Paul Kigame and Fred Rwigema formed the Rwandan Patriot Front, better known as the RPF. The RPF began creating an army in order to invade Rwanda from Uganda. In 1990, the RPF invaded Rwanda from Uganda which eventually led to the establishment of the anti-Tutsi propaganda by the Hutus. The fighting continued for 3 years, until in 1993 the Arusha Declaration was signed by both sides. The Declaration was supposed to be a beginning for a cease-fire. However, neither side abided by the declaration and the fighting continued.

How to Write Essay Outline With Examples - Paperell.com

How to Write Essay Outline With Examples How to Write Essay Outline With Examples What if you were assigned such a task? How to avoid common mistakes and get a high assessment? Writing any academic paper for any level takes lots of hard work, dedication and creativity, however it also takes proper organization. When you need to write an essay, you should understand how to organize it in a proper way. That’s why an outline exists. If you are wondering what is an outline – it is a skeleton, which helps to structure your essay, figures out the main points of each paragraph, and creates an original structure of an essay. Using an outline, you can write an intelligent paper. In this article, you will find tips that will help you to create an outline for essay, which is an important part of work in student life.Before You Start An EssayHow to write an outline? Before writing an outline for an essay, you should do some things at the beginning. Make sure that you are answering the question – try to figure out the most important thing you need to answe r and then, look for the keywords. They will help you to structure your paper correctly. Choose the right title for your work, if you haven’t a predetermined one yet, and after this, you can start making a structure for your essay.The Structure Of Outline For Essay Main PointsIntroductionAfter you have chosen a topic and a title for your essay, start to write an introduction. The introduction usually starts from afar and ends in the thesis. In the introduction, you should establish your main point of view and get your readers familiar with the general topic you write about. What else should an intro include? It is always important to catch an attention of your readers and to put your main idea in context when you write an introduction. Also, keep in mind that the introduction, as a rule, begins with a discussion of your original topic and shows the proper terms to prepare your thesis.ThesisThe end of an introduction is a thesis. It should be clear and not very long. You need to work well on your thesis to make it understandable for your readers and don’t forget that each body paragraph has to support your thesis. Thus, if you are wondering how to write essay, thesis is the key thing to keep in mind. In the thesis, you should figure out your main point concisely.Body ParagraphsThis type of paper typically has three body paragraphs, which consist of the arguments and evidence. The topics should support your thesis.TransitionsIn a good and effective work, you have to show the connection between paragraphs, using transitions, which can be a final part or a final sentence of the body paragraphs. Moreover, the transitions usually integrate into the next topic sentence.Topic SentencesEvery paragraph in your paper’s body should begin with a topic sentence. Such sentences introduce the theme and give the information that is related to the topic, while each topic sentence should be logically related to the thesis.SupportIn a support, you use argume nts and facts, quotes and anecdotes, data and examples which need to support a topic sentence. There is a one more simple rule. You have to write at minimum three points that support each topic sentence. It could be examples from books, history, or from your private experience but if you don’t have an idea of how to write these examples, you can also ask for some help with essay.ConclusionA conclusion wraps up a paper and sums up all the information you gave and figures out the main point you wrote in your thesis. It never gives any new information or arguments. In a conclusion, you need to write a sentence that is similar to the thesis. Furthermore, you can state the limitations of your work and write something about the possibility for the work that you or other researchers could do in the future to discover the topic fully. In the end, don’t forget to proof For A Paper OutlineHere you can find a universal outline example for essays. There is an outline format you sh ould pay attention to. Using this essay outline template, you will be able to write analytical, interpretive, or persuasive academic papers for your college or university. When you have a general idea of how the outline for research paper should look like, let’s try to learn how to structure your paper with this outline sample.Introduction1) Write a short sentence that should get attention of your future readers.2) Write you statement in a one clear and logical sentence.Body1) First main idea:a) Provide supporting informationb) Give another supporting factc) Include your last supporting idea2) Second main idea:a) Provide supporting informationb) Give another supporting factc) Include your last supporting idea3) Third main ideaa) Provide supporting informationb) Give another supporting factc) Include your last supporting ideaConclusionRepeat your thesis in a different wordingEnd your essay with a one smart sentence

A Definition Of Social Justice

A Definition Of Social Justice Before considering social justice, it is important to understand why it matters. Social justice is a powerful idea in society today, buts its origins and meanings are partially unclear. There is perhaps little if any doubt about the significance of this question among people in poor and rich countries. The following research in regard to what I am going to discuss within this essay is looked upon at the concept of justice in regard to the issues and the impact of justice as of reducing the balance between rich and poor. Subsequently the overall concept of justice will appeal in my contention about fairness. As this meaning isnt controvertible it will demonstrate that patterns which are indecencies as embodied in the developing countries demanding another way to deal with justice between the rich and poor nations. However, in today’s gig economy this is not the case with reference to case studies it enables to try bringing out the possibilities and limitations of social justice as of what can be achieved to make it a better outcome. It also talks about the conventions and principles as stated as to what the society is doing to protect the individuals that are of in need of supporting their conditions. It even defines detailed definitions as opposed to every definition being merely different as from the perspective of the person in rich and poor countries such as social justice and fairness each word described having its own meaning. However, no one can deny the gap between rich and poor, but it is becoming progressively wider. Throughout the essay I even have concluded 1 context of justice distributive which is to do with fairness but in contrast it is said to be successful but is still being criticized. It is even argued that social justice is perceived as protecting individuals ensuring that they are treated fairly. The definition stated by Susan Torres offers a useful starting point for explaining the key individual elements of each word as opposed to the context within this definition under international law. As stated social justice is the key fundamental in valuing of ‘fairness and equity in resources, rights and treatment for marginalized individuals and groups of people, who do not share equal power in society because of their immigration, racial, ethnic, age, socio economic, religious heritage, physical ability, or sexual orientation status groups’ . As prior to clearly being a member of society, each member deserves to have all the same rights and opportunities and fairness within because the key components and aspects of social justice are entirely to do with society fairness. Therefore, it concludes to be the very essence of all great spiritual teachings throughout the society and without justice they cannot be any greater justice. To an extent it is even basically trying to create a society so that all members can lead fulfilling lives and have access to all the institutions prior to helping members of society realize potential in the community. Besides that, the meaning of justice is pretty well captured in a more familiar term, because social justice takes the core idea of justice as fairness and fairness often has been used with regards to an ability to judge without reference to ones feelings or interests and it can be heavily debated and is defined differently depending on whether it is from the perspective of the rich or poor. The law is moderately being a characteristic instrument as it can both increase and decrease legal aid. A particular example of the law diminishing legal aid is Equality Act 2010 which legally protects individuals from segregation in the work environment and wider society. However, they are numerous occurrences where this isnt the case in the law protecting individuals against discrimination. However, individuals are still being segregated example women may not get a job position due to becoming a pregnant mother and after that taking a paid leave. Besides that, additionally there is still a compensation pay gap amongst men and women and essentially, they should have right to equal pay. It is very common as to the gender pay gap being a potential topic of interest as of it being reduced within the UK it is still suggested it is still in favor for men. However as indicated over the UK it is said to be that men earn more than ladies as indicated by the national statistics and therefore the equality act must work on the grounds claiming that in April 2017, the sex pay hole for full time representatives diminished to 9.1% as in 1997 it was 17.4% as indicated by ONS. Although over time it has decreased, it is yet not socially on the grounds that people arent dealt with similarly and are contrarily negatively discriminated till day. In R (SG) v Secretary of state for work and pensions (2015) UKSC 16, (2015) 1 WLR 1449, the inquiry was whether the advantage cap was justifiable. The cap limits total of household income from welfare benefits to a fixed sum, irrespective of the subsistence needs of the family. The parties come to terms that it was by implication prejudicial against women. Lady Hale stated that what must be considered is whether the benefit cap applies to lone parents and it can be justified independently of its discriminatory effects. In considering that, Lady Hale concluded that the cap will deprive children of their basic needs which cannot be in their best interests and therefore the indirect sex discrimination inherent in the cap’s implementation is not a proportionate way of achieving its aims. Therefore, the most unfavorably influenced were single guardians with at least 3 or more children living in generally costly leased accommodation. They were adversely influenced as of the fact tha t they were less likely to get away from the impact of the cap and by moving to a new house and getting a job. Overwhelmingly these lone guardians were women and statistics demonstrated that 90% of single guardians are women in the UK. It is even seen that agreements representing those working in the gig economy are an example of exploitative new work patterns, and authoritative commitments in the common law. And sense they can never longer convey justice as shown by Uber and Deliveroo. These two organizations could control business law to profit them, Uber workers are categorized as independently employed working in a gig economy in view of adaptable work hours as they have little to none business security or assurance. Looking at the discussion of social justice in relation to distributive justice in a national and international context, distributive Justice is more concerned with the fair allocations of resources among diverse members of a community. The principles in regards to this are normative principles designed to allocate goods in limited supply relative to demand. The principles vary in what goods are subject to distribution income, wealth, opportunities and on the nature of subjects of the distribution and on the basis the goods distributed. One of the simplest principles of distributive justice is that of strict or radical equality. The principle even says that every person should have the same level of goods and services .However distributive justice is therefore best thought of as providing moral guidance for the political processes and structures that affect the distribution of benefits and burdens in societies. Beyond that the UN often refers poverty as a vicious cycle made up of a r ange of factors associated making it hard to overcome. As opposed to many societies are preventing individuals from enjoying their rights simply either as to who there are or cannot afford. Discriminatory laws, policies and practices may suggest that these groups are even denied the right to high standard of health, to work and adequate housing. Within case study the concept of social justice can have an impact as the laws can affect the opportunities of the freedom of citizens. The laws likewise control the delivery and influence whether assets e.g. education, healthcare and housing are or are not accessible to people based on their racial, ethnic, to age, socio economic, religious, heritage physical ability, or sexual orientation . To an extent at a point when laws discriminate people based on their enrolment to a specific social gathering, they have a substantial impact not just on who but on how people can embody and perform their personality, however likewise they can influence whether they can get to welfare benefits that addresses converging types of poverty. Besides that, what comes into place also is referred with refugees and they are more to do with an individual being given security of protection. Therefore, asylum seekers become a refugee when the immigration authority decides on the outcome whether the individual fits within the international definition of a refugee. Besides this the international law states that for an individual to become a refugee the individual clearly needs to have met the criteria for the refugee status as stated by the article convention 1951. International and European law on a refugee basis is an example of the law being socially just and a measure of reducing balance between the rich and poor claiming the law is giving asylum seekers and refugees the chance to a superior life by enabling them to dwell in their country of origin, if their life is in danger in their country of origin. The Dublin Regulation is one measure of the European law which does this. Article 6(4) of regulation (EU) No604/2013 expresses that a part state in which an unaccompanied child has held up a case for asylum, the best interests of a child must be protected. The law instantly promotes social justice because it is taken account of the prosperity and the best interests of the child into thought before anything else. Within the 1951 convention Article 31 even states that refugees are secured against penalties for reason of illegal entry. The law encompasses human rights and it even promotes social justice and sustainability since it ensures that individuals who are in danger or at risk by aiding them to move to a safe country. Furthermore, Whether the applicant the home countries are ‘safe’ it can be assessed by examining the definition in Annex I of the Procedures Directive, which stipulates that taking into account: the legal situation of a country, the application of the law within a democratic system and the general political circumstances†¦there is generally and consistently no persecution†¦, no torture or inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and no threat by reason of indiscriminate violence in situations of international or internal armed conflict . Although the 1951 article convention sets out an obligation on states to treat refugees without discrimination in view of their nation of origin , the asylum procedures directive and its recast have enabled the EU nations to partition asylum seekers into various categories, with nationals of certain third nations justifying less favorable procedural treatment than others. This may raise basic strains with obligation to regard of the convention as the foundation of refugee protection in the EU4 and to refrain any elucidation of the EU refuge acquits which would undermine it. According to lady hale speech case study is entirely linked as many infection diseases are killing millions of people each year of whom are in the developing world. The leading cases of illnesses and deaths are in Africa, Asia and south America regions that accounts for the world’s population which are HIV/AIDS, The crisis of aids has especially drawn the attention with respect to the way that numerous number of people in the developing world dont appear to get to the medications that are expected to treat disease or alleviate suffering. Consistently many more people are killed due to the aids in this developing society. The situations behind this is because of the lack of access to essential medicines being manifold, however in many cases high cost of medications is particular barrier to required medicines or treatments. As from knowing excessively the drug prices are often due to strong intellectual property protection. Therefore, the governments within the developing countr ies try and attempt to bring the cost of the medicines down prior to having come under pressure from industrialized countries and the multinational pharmaceutical industry. As to joining WTO it equals to lower tariffs meaning more money for the owner of the medicines. In terms of this the world trade organization partially sets out standards for the overall protection of intellectual property, including patents for pharmaceuticals, which has come under criticism because of the effects that increased levels of patent protection will have on drug prices . Several number of new medicines are vital for the survival of millions they are already too costly for most people in poor countries either because the medicines are unaffordable, have become ineffective due to resistance, or are not sufficiently adapted to specific local conditions and constraints The law as of opposed does not deliver a socially just outcome as of those in a less economically developed nations and wont have the capacity to afford the cost of medicines by owners who have a monopoly because of licenses required by trips. Nonetheless, it does protect individuals property rights so individuals cant copyright their work so nobody else can assume the acknowledgement for it without the owner’s consent. From this, one could come to a conclusion that the Doha Declaration takes a large step toward ensuring that intellectual property protection serves the public interest and lays out the options countries have available when prices of existing patented drugs are too high for their populations .Also that the law protects property more than it does therefore people’s lives are wasted due to patent laws being practiced. It can even be said that law undermines social justice and that law will never be socially just as opposed to the current system of the intellectual property. However as to considering a different context such as human rights, the law still protects people as much as it possibly can as to a certain extent where these laws will allow citizens to flee their country if they feel they are being persecuted. The UK legislation in the 1940s recognized rights to universal free education up to age14.This helped poorer children have free access to schools. The underlying principle was social justice as to those not being able to look after themselves should be looked after by the community from the cradle to the grave. Besides that, in relation to this what emerged in 1942 was a Beveridge report which was a method of reducing the balance between rich and poor as the rich paid into scheme to help the poor. This is an example of the law from the cradle to the grave as to the whole community looking after those in need of help. Referring to lady hale speech from the comments they are ought to be applauded as she has an obligation to secure the task and access the law in the UK. However, she considers it to be her obligation to alert those along these lines and if not, it would be ethically off-base. I feel that the access to justice is a vital issue and if these progressions imply then those with no capital cant challenge those with huge money saves the suggestions for us as a general public are appalling. However, take cases of evidence against huge pharmaceutical organizations for instance without legal aid are currently now impossible. Besides that, there have been hi profile cases of absurdity, for example, the Maxwell Brothers when all is said and done in the arrangement of legal aid it has prompted fairness and equivalent access. In the event the judges say nothing in regard to the approaches about the policies it will therefore destroy natural justice issues. I would recommend that they have failed t he promise they took towards the beginning of their profession and should hang their heads in disgrace. The main thing is that it is basic if they criticize such plans wherever they originate from and are not divided in their complaints. This lady’s balance is a careful critique to me as an indication of her exceptional honesty and faith in the law and access to it for all. I applaud her activities and expectation it causes a genuine verbal confrontation. Overall each case study raises significant questions about the balance between rich and poor in terms of advantages and disadvantages. Besides that, the law does have an important part in promoting social justice, but it is limited. Numerous people would state that the law adds to the realization of a more socially and sustainable society because of human rights and legislation and international and European law, however this isnt altogether true. Whilst the law is encompassing human rights it has promoted social justice in past when incorporated but it isnt always generally for the underprivileged. Property law is a key example of how the law doesnt change the harmony amongst rich and poor rather it builds it. The conception of social justice refers more broadly to fairness and equality, but it additionally speaks to a worldwide structure for human rights, recognition and dignity, however patent laws are utilized for instance peoples dignity and human rights are not regarded. Also crediting individuals for their work is considered more vital than saving a life, therefore it isnt altogether. Just, it can be esteemed ethically wrong while social justice is tied in with being ethically right and moral. Further on in regard to the laws having an impact on these circumstances changes have been implemented but it doesnt have much of a big impact as to balance. Beyond that referring to lady hale speech every context in social justice has a different meaning in poor and rich countries because of the world we live in and prior to the difficulties faced. However, at a point we understand justice drives from ensuring that all individuals and countries have equal opportunities to exercise their talents and be rewarded for their efforts. Also, as to the 1951 conventions being in place it helps provide a good framework within which decisions can be made and it can at least help with decisions and help individuals.

Computer Physical Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Computer Physical Security - Essay Example Biometric characteristics are exclusively individual; therefore making such characteristics a basis of user identification provides high reliability of protection. So we may define a biometric system as 'a pattern recognition system which recognizes a user by determining the authenticity of a specific physiological or behavioral characteristic possessed by the user'2. The tests made by the International Computer Security Association (ICSA) have allowed to issue certificates to rather limited number of systems of biometric identification. It is necessary to notice that six products certificated by the ICSA have been selected as a result of the careful analysis from a plenty of models. In the manual 'Biometric Industry Product Guide' issued by the ICSA, there is a description of 170 systems, allowing to make identification of users on basis of their unique physical parameters. Many independent users, including representatives of the ICSA, appreciate certified systems at their true value. The majority of biometric systems operate in the following way: the digital mark of a fingerprint, an iris or a voice is stored in the system database. A person, who is going to get access to a computer network, enters his/her own personal biometric information into the system by means of a microphone, a scanner of finger-prints or other devices. The received data are compared with the sample, which is kept in the database. Let us consider the mostly used biometric systems of computes access control.FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION Recently the dactyloscopy has attracted the attention as a biometric parameter, which quite possibly will become the most popular in the future. Already now the application of this technology has received wide circulation in Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) used by police throughout all territory of the USA and more than in other 30 countries of the world. In the USA devices of access control based on fingerprint identification are established in military institution, including the Pentagon. Among the advantages of fingerprint scanners are simplicity, usability and reliability. Though the percent of erroneous negative identification is about 3 %, a mistake of positive access is less than one to one million. All process of identification lasts no more than several seconds and does not demand any efforts from those, who use the given system of access. Nowadays such systems are made in the size of less than a pack of cards. The certain disadvantage constraining the de velopment of the given method is the bias of a part of people, which do not wish to make the information on their fingerprints available. Thus the counterargument of developers of such equipment is the assurance that the information about papillate pattern of a finger is not stored. What is stored is only short identification code constructed on the basis of prominent features of your finger-print.HAND GEOMETRY RECOGNITION The method of identification of users by hand geometry by it's the technological structure and the level of reliability is quite comparable to the method of ident

Does Karl Marx's account of the workings of the market economy help us Essay

Does Karl Marx's account of the workings of the market economy help us tounderstand the causes and likely outcomes of the present global economic crisis - Essay Example s school, British literary critic Frederic Jameson, and German sociologist Max Weber all have researched and presented Marxist perspectives in their fields. Marx’s lasting influence has ensured his lasting place in the idealisms of people across time and space. In the face of the current financial crisis, people in Germany have turned to Karl Marx for guidance (Connolly). This is understandable, given the widely-held notion that laissez-faire capitalism, the subject of so much Marxist vitriol, is the villain and mastermind of the crisis. Thus, it seems that the works of Marx and other Leftist thinkers might have some relevance in creating a lasting solution to the problem. As Machiavelli famously said, â€Å"For the great majority of mankind are satisfied with appearances, as though they were realities, and are more often influenced by the things that seem than by those that are† (Hacker 179). As educated citizens, we must resolve not to be satisfied with the superficia lities of the appearances, and seek reality. Analyzing Marxist theory and its impact allows us to understand what is beyond mere appearance. From the given facts of reality we can derive a normative prescription for the world to follow: steps that involve listening to the words eternal in their wisdom. Karl Marx, as alluded to before, left a lasting impact on many fields; of these perhaps the sociology of work in particular felt the largest effect. He accounted for the fundamentally political relationship between employer and employee, as well as the materiality of class conflict. This analysis remains pivotal in the sociological examination of work. Marx pushed forward the prospect of a sociological approach to work, which he delimited the scope â€Å"to the sociology of the factory†. Marx’s analysis provided the foundation of the relationship between home and work. Along with this came a description of exploitation irrespective of class (Grint 95). Although the crux of Marxist theory has been

Our Hands Essay Example for Free

Our Hands Essay There is great societal influence on the family builders, the parents, as to their preference, bias toward the number and sex of children. As a result of this societal influence, the effects are apparent. One effect is that if two parents have two children, one of each gender, then a third is not very plausible. If a family has two children both of the same sex, then they are more apt to have a third. A second effect of this societal influence pertains to China and its One-Child Policy. The effect is detrimental to its female population. An obvious result to such influence is a climb in the number of worldwide abortions, and infanticide. There is a new product on the market and available to the world right now that will aid society in its persuasion and this product is the Baby Gender Mentor(tm) Home DNA Gender Testing Kit. This product will have a grave significant effect on the future outcome of global society both economically and ethically. The responsibility is too great to be left in the hands of the individual and must be monitored by the governments. Family sex structuring has occurred since the beginning of the studies and surveys that date back to 1915. Family sex structuring is the planning with intentions directed toward the preference of one sex over another. This preference is only one theory involved in the reasoning of the article Emerging Parental Gender Indifference? Sex Composition of Children and the Third Birth by Michael S. Pollard and S. Philip Morgan. The original in depth idea of the article is that a family consisting of two parents and two existing children, each of the same sex, will statistically be more likely to add a third child in the hope of having a child of the opposite sex than the preexisting two. Families consisting of two parents and two children of opposite sexes are statistically less likely to add a third. This article introduces studies and theories trying to answer the reasoning for and against this idea. One theory is that this idea of family sex structuring is becoming progressively less and less important since 1995 up to the present, the current shifts in the gender system. The current shift in the gender system is due to the acceptance of women and they getting higher education and powerful positions. Roles have changed for women immeasurably in the last fifty years. Girls were encouraged to knit, sew, embroider or weave. While these activities were necessary tasks for females in the past, they are less necessary now and leave women to accomplish greater feats. Todays women may choose, and are encouraged and supported, to attend college. They are able to go places on their own and are not weighted down by as many responsibilities of the household as they once were. Some responsibilities are still expected, but men are also expected to pitch in and help with housework. Also, women from all classes are also able to mingle freely with other classes and the opposite sex without fear of a diminished reputation. Men are much less threatened at the idea of women holding powerful, commanding positions because women have proven equality of the sexes. Equally well, women can roam the Internet, support themselves financially and pay the bills, root for a favorite baseball team, or even if fact, play on a baseball team. Many women have chosen to include sports and fitness routines among their lifestyle choices, recognizing the physical and mental health benefits of exercise. Women have struggled to earn independence and respect, and have succeeded. Women since the seventies now have a choice to terminate their pregnancy if they feel that a child will interfere with their lifestyle of simply, if they so choose.

The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand : Trigger for War :: World War I History

The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand : Trigger for War Bosnia and Herzegovina were provinces just south of Austria, which had, until 1878, been governed by the Turks. The Treaty of Berlin, in 1878, settled the disposition of lands lost by the Turks following their disastrous war with Russia. Austria was granted the power to administer the two provinces indefinitely. Many Bosnian-Serbs felt a strong nationalistic desire to have their province joined with that of their Serb brothers across the river in Serbia. Many in Serbia openly shared that desire. On October 6, 1908, Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina directly into the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The reasons were complex. Annexation would remove any hopes Turkey might have for reclaiming the provinces. Full inclusion into the empire would give Bosnians full rights and privileges. It may have been an act of will by the Austrians, just to show that they were still an active, sovereign power. Two days later, many men, some of them ranking Serbian ministers, officials, and generals, held a meeting at City Hall in Belgrade. They founded a semi-secret society, Narodna Odbrana (National Defense), which gave Pan-Slavism a focus and an organization. The purpose of the group was to recruit and train partisans for a possible war between Serbia and Austria. They also undertook anti-Austrian propaganda and organized spies and saboteurs to operate within the empire's provinces. Satellite groups were formed in Slovinia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Istria. The Bosnian group went under the name Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia). Narodna Odbrana's work had been so effective that in 1909 a furious Austria pressured the Serbian government to put a stop to their anti-Austrian insurrection. Russia was not ready to stand fully behind Serbia should things come to a showdown, so Belgrade was grudgingly forced to comply. From then on, Narodna Odbrana concentrated on education and propaganda within Serbia, trying to fashion itself as a cultural organization. Many members formed a new, and again secret, organization to continue the terrorist actions. Ten men met on May 9, 1911 to form Ujedinjenje ili Smrt (Union or Death), also known as The Black Hand. By 1914, there were several hundred members, perhaps as many as 2500. Many members were Serbian army officers. The professed goal of the group was the creation of a Greater Serbia, by use of violence, if necessary. The Black Hand trained guerillas and saboteurs and arranged political murders. The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand : Trigger for War :: World War I History The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand : Trigger for War Bosnia and Herzegovina were provinces just south of Austria, which had, until 1878, been governed by the Turks. The Treaty of Berlin, in 1878, settled the disposition of lands lost by the Turks following their disastrous war with Russia. Austria was granted the power to administer the two provinces indefinitely. Many Bosnian-Serbs felt a strong nationalistic desire to have their province joined with that of their Serb brothers across the river in Serbia. Many in Serbia openly shared that desire. On October 6, 1908, Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina directly into the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The reasons were complex. Annexation would remove any hopes Turkey might have for reclaiming the provinces. Full inclusion into the empire would give Bosnians full rights and privileges. It may have been an act of will by the Austrians, just to show that they were still an active, sovereign power. Two days later, many men, some of them ranking Serbian ministers, officials, and generals, held a meeting at City Hall in Belgrade. They founded a semi-secret society, Narodna Odbrana (National Defense), which gave Pan-Slavism a focus and an organization. The purpose of the group was to recruit and train partisans for a possible war between Serbia and Austria. They also undertook anti-Austrian propaganda and organized spies and saboteurs to operate within the empire's provinces. Satellite groups were formed in Slovinia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Istria. The Bosnian group went under the name Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia). Narodna Odbrana's work had been so effective that in 1909 a furious Austria pressured the Serbian government to put a stop to their anti-Austrian insurrection. Russia was not ready to stand fully behind Serbia should things come to a showdown, so Belgrade was grudgingly forced to comply. From then on, Narodna Odbrana concentrated on education and propaganda within Serbia, trying to fashion itself as a cultural organization. Many members formed a new, and again secret, organization to continue the terrorist actions. Ten men met on May 9, 1911 to form Ujedinjenje ili Smrt (Union or Death), also known as The Black Hand. By 1914, there were several hundred members, perhaps as many as 2500. Many members were Serbian army officers. The professed goal of the group was the creation of a Greater Serbia, by use of violence, if necessary. The Black Hand trained guerillas and saboteurs and arranged political murders.

Balsara Used to Its Advantage

Explain the environmental factors which Balsara used to its advantage. BALSARA USED TO ITS ADVANTAGE IN INDIA. – with clove oil (which has been traditionally regarded in India as an effective deterrent to tooth decay and tooth ache) as a unique selling proposition IN MALAYSIA – There was good response to Miswak also in the Muslim dominated Malaysia. Its promotion highlighted the fact that miswak (Latin Name : Salvadora Persica) was a plant that had been used for centuries by as a tooth cleaning twig. It had reference in Koran. Quoting from Faizal-E-Miswak, it was pointed out that prophet Mohammed used â€Å"miswak before sleeping at night and after awakening. ’’ The religious appeal in the promotion was reinforced by the findings of scientists all over the world, including Arabic ones, of the antibacterial property of clove and its ability to prevent tooth decay and gums. IN USA – Market intelligence revealed that there was a growing preference in the advanced counties for nature based products. Balsara tied up with Auromere Imports Inc. (AAII), Los Angeles. An agency established by American followers of Aurobindo, an Indian philosopher saint. Eight months of intensive R & D enabled Balsara to develop a tooth paste containing 24 herbal ingredients that would satisfy the required parameter. Auromere was voted as the No. 1 toothpaste in North Eastern USA ————— The product line was extended by introducing several variants of Auromere. A saccharine free toothpaste was introduced. It was found that mint and menthol were taboo for users of homoeopathic medicines. So a product free of such mints was developed. Auromere Fresh Mint for the young and Auromere Cina Mint containing a combination of cinnamon and peppermint were also introduced BALSARA EXPLOITED THESE SENTIMENTS. In the case of Balsara: there was increased demand for products which were herbal, organic etc from the customers. The marketing mix was designed to take advantage of the same whereby it included natural and herbal products and private label brands to customers who were willing to pay for the same.

The Role and Authority Women Have in Ministry

LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY The Role and Authority Women Have in Ministry A Research Paper Submitted to Dr. Michael D. Stallard in partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion of the course, THEO 592 SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY II 201220 Spring 2012 THEO 530-B19 LUO By John Theodore Zachariah Student ID# 20004547 Lynchburg, Virginia March 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction †¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Prominent Women in the New Testament †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 New Testament Teachings †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦. First Corinthians 14:34-35 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 First Timothy 2:11-12 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦13 Copyright  © 2012 by John Theodore Zachariah All rights reserved Introduction Wom en have long played an important role in the shaping the nation of Israel which has shaped the Christian church of today. Not only were they daughters, wives, concubines, mothers, and grandmothers of men but they were also special agents of the Lord.It was the Hebrew midwives Shiphrah and Puah who refused the Pharaoh’s order to kill all males that preserved the life of Moses. (Exodus 1) It was the widow of Zerephath who offered food and lodging to Elijah. (1 Kings) There have been women who prophesied and served as spokeswomen for God such as Miriam (Exodus 15) and Huldah. (2 Kings 22; 2 Chron. 24) There were women such as Deborah who served as both a prophet and a judge doling out justice from under a palm tree for the people of Ephraim during the rule of Jabin. Judges 4) Women such as these received the call of God to serve Him in the roles he directed, roles which were typically filled by men. When Jesus of Nazareth assumed his ministry he brought to the nation of Israel a new and unique way of doing things. Sent into the world to serve all of mankind Jesus called forth both men and women alike to serve him and the Lord God our Creator. The roles in which women today serve in the ministry of Jesus Christ our Lord and Savior are as limitless as God’s love itself.But a woman’s participation in these roles has been constrained by the church’s understanding of these roles. God fashioned man and woman in His image to be equal partners in exercising His dominion over the beasts of the field, the birds of the air and the fish in the seas. What we see today is that dominion has been replaced by domination. Not only is it humans over all the beasts and the birds and the fish but it is also male over female, this race over that, and rich over poor.When we as fellow believers in Christ seek to perceive what roles God has for our lives we must also take into account the creation story and the stories told of some of history’s most ama zing women. Can we deny the fact that it is God’s intent that men and women should be co-laborers doing His work here on earth? Should we deny God’s will when He empowers women to serve in roles that have traditionally belonged to men? Is it our intent therefore to call God’s judgment into question? The purpose of this paper is to argue for the ordination of women in the church.Prominent Women in the New Testament The New Testament records various women who ministered in the early Church Age. They include Tabitha, also known as Dorcas, who was called a disciple and entered into a ministry of helps (Acts 9:36) It was known that Phillip the evangelist had four virgin daughters who were prophetesses. (Acts 21:8f) And it was Paul who in his ministry to spread the gospel labored with Euodias and Syntyche. (Phil. 4:2f) Paul acknowledges Priscilla as a servant of Jesus Christ as he greets numerous others ministering in the name of the Lord, many of them women.In Romans 16:3 Paul says â€Å"Greet Priscilla and Aquilla my fellow workers in Christ Jesus. † An item of note here is the listing of the names Priscilla and Aquilla. Whenever names are listed in the New Testament the one most prominent is identified first. In this verse Paul identifies Priscilla as the leader of this husband and wife ministerial team. In Acts 18:26 Luke also mentions Priscilla first therefore indicating she possesses the more prominent role. Paul commends Phoebe, the prostaisis or patron of the church in Cenchrea, to the church at Rome. Romans 16) Many view Phoebe as only a â€Å"servant† or â€Å"helper† but Paul also refers to her as diakonia which is normally translated as deacon or minister. Paul often used the term diakonia when he referring to the minister or leader of a congregation as he did also when speaking of Tychicus, Epaphras, and Timothy. The appearance of both these terms in describing Phoebe presents a picture of one who not only serve s the church by giving financial support but also one who does acts of compassion.These tasks are fundamental to the jobs most leaders in today’s churches do. Paul marks Phoebe â€Å"as a leader in the church at Cenchrea because of her status and labor in behalf of the community. † The Apostle’s words clearly make this obvious that her significance in the church cannot be assumed as merely a consequence of her wealth. Taken together prostaisis and diakonia signal Phoebe as an extremely important figure for Paul and the church at Cenchrea. Other names in Romans 16 refer to women who are also ministering the ospel. They include Mary in verse 6, Tryphena, Tryphosa, and Persida in verse 12. What can safely be concluded is that Paul views women as active participants in the gospel ministry, people who extend his work in a manner equivalent to what we see Timothy and Titus doing elsewhere in his communications with other churches (e. g. 1 Cor. 4:17). Of the remaining men contained in his greetings, only Urbanus is commended as a fellow worker. In Romans 16:7 Paul also identifies Junia as being an apostle of noteworthy recognition.There are many scholars and translators who are unwilling to admit that women have played an important role in the ministry of Jesus Christ and therefore have masculinized the name into Junias even though the name Junias or Junianus appears nowhere in the Roman list of men’s names. It is from the very pen of Paul himself that we see just how strong an advocate of women’s ministry he truly was. John Chrysostom, the Archbishop of Constantinople, once wrote this of Junia, â€Å"Who are of note among the Apostles. And indeed to be apostles at all is a great thing. But to be even amongst those of note, just consider what a great encomium this is!But they were of note owing to their works, to their achievements. Oh! How great is the devotion of this woman that she should even be counted worthy of the appellatio n of apostle! † It is likely that Andronicus and Junia were husband and wife who were both witnesses to Jesus resurrection and who were both sent out to bear witness and proclaim the gospel (cf. 1 Cor. 15:5-9). The house of Cloe is also mentioned by Paul in 1 Cor. 1:11. This is most likely referring to those early Christians meeting in the home of Cloe and not in direct reference to her family or servants.Historical writings suggest that when Scripture refers to a particular woman â€Å"and the church meets in her house,† these women were not merely hosting the meeting but rather had a prominent position of leadership within the group. Given the status of Jewish women during the first century the number of women Paul pays homage to is quite remarkable. It is clear from the Scriptures that both he and the Apostle John greatly appreciated the women who joined them in sharing the gospel. These women were not simply the church hostesses or the secretaries but rather they we re hard-working embers of the church, many with positions of leadership and responsibility. New Testament Teachings First-century Jewish society was very much male dominated. Women were treated much like many of the children of this era, submissive to the male head of the house. For a woman to undertake a religious leadership role in a totally male dominated society would have scandalous and an outrage to the fidelity of worship. Not only were women prohibited from assuming any position that would suggest a dominant position over a man they were instructed to dress modestly (1 Tim. 2:9f) and never shear their hair (1 Cor. 11:5).Both men and women were encouraged to conform to the appropriate head covering for their gender (1 Cor. 4-7). Moreover, first-century women were not formally educated in the Scriptures as were the men. Instead women were generally confined to more domestic duties such as keeping the house and raising the children. The subject of women in ministry has for quit e some time caused much controversy and has been the topic of many a discussion. There are certain Scriptures, several within the Pauline letters which on the surface exclude women from participating in certain positions and roles within the church structure.These â€Å"Pastoral† lettersto the churches have been taken to be authoritative, especially when they lay down rules for a â€Å"normative† relationship within the church hierarchy. Controversy concerning the appropriate role for women in ministry hinges primarily on three New Testament passages, 1 Corinthians 14:33-35, where women are commanded to be silent in church and 1 Timothy 2:11f, where women are not permitted to teach or have authority over a man. Each of these passages will be examined in the light of the whole Scripture to provide an acceptable and sound interpretation.First Corinthians 14:34-35 The first Scripture to be discussed, 1 Cor. 14:34f is one worthy of discussion for it commands that women be silent while they are in church. 34 Let your women keep silent in the churches, for they are not permitted to speak; but they are to be submissive, as the law also says. 35 And if they want to learn something, let them ask their own husbands at home; for it is shameful for women to speak in church. This particular Scripture, Paul’s first letter to the church at Corinth, has much to do with order within the church, most particular in regard to church gatherings.In chapter 7 Paul addresses the issue of marriage, in chapter 8 he speaks to meat offered to idols, in chapter 9 he lectures concerning support for the ministry, in chapter 11 he tackles the issue of appropriate attire for both men and women during public meetings, in chapters 12 through 14 he deals with this issue of spiritual gifts, but at the close of chapter 14 he speaks about chatty wives who constantly create disorder during church meetings when they shout out their inquiries to their husbands.Earlier in his lette r (chapter 11) Paul speaks about both men and women praying and prophesying during church meetings, therefore it would seem rather self-contradictory that he would now demand that all women should be silent. Accordingly, if the males mentioned in 14:35 are â€Å"husbands at home,† then it would only make sense that the â€Å"women† mentioned in 14:34 are the â€Å"wives† and not just women.Thus, Paul’s command in verses 34f is not a general silencing of women but rather he is directing the wives who have questions to remain silent during the public meeting and to wait until later when they can ask their questions of their husbands in the privacy of their home. This would also be fully reflective of a situation in which the husband was participating in the prophetic ministries of a Christian meeting and in this context the co-participation of his wife, which may involve her publicly â€Å"testing† her husband’s message, would be considered to be a disgraceful disregard of him and her own wifely role.There are some such as William O. Walker Jr. that believe there is ideational evidence to suggest that 14:34f is non-Pauline as it appears to contradict Paul’s avowed egalitarianism articulated in Galatians 3:27f. Apart from this passage and perhaps 1 Cor. 11:3-16, which is also highly regarded as non-Pauline, there is nothing in the undisputed Pauline letters that suggests that the activity of women in the church was regarded as a problem by Paul or even during Paul’s lifetime. First Timothy 2:11-12The first-century church meetings most likely permitted more congressional interaction than what is seen in church worship services of today. There were probably several learned speakers who arose to teach, encourage one another, and prophesy. As we have seen in Paul’s first letter to the church at Corinth women there rudely interrupted the speakers causing Paul to confront this unseemly insubordination. In 1 Timothy 2:11f we hear how Paul suggests that women of Ephesus learn their Scripture lessons: 11 Let a woman learn in silence with all submission. 2 And I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man, but to be in silence. In his letter to Timothy Paul contends that women of Ephesus were not only to dress tastefully and modestly (1 Tim. 2:9f) – that is, different from the pagan women – but they were also to â€Å"learn in silence. † Paul presents not only a radical new idea for the first-century Christian women to learn but he also describes the manner in which they are to learn – in silence. Despite the negative connotations that one may imagine, in the first century â€Å"silence† was a positive attribute.It did not necessarily impose â€Å"not speaking† as Paul intends in other Pastoral writings (cf. 1 Tim 2:2; 2 Thess. 3:12; 1 Cor. 14:34). But rather it implies respect or lack of disagreement (as in Acts 11:18; 21:14). A more proper understanding of the Greek work hJsucia or hesuchia used in this instance would be â€Å"stillness† or â€Å"to desist from bustle or language. † The word used here in this example is depicted to mean that women, and quite possibly men as well, should learn in quietness, without dissension or conflict. Rabbis and early church fathers deemed quietness appropriate for rabbinical students, wise persons, and even leaders.This attitude of silence or quietness as it were would be quite appropriate for such tense situations exhibited by the Church of Ephesus at the time. Angry students forced to learn in silence learn very little. But an atmosphere of â€Å"quietness† encourages study and fosters understanding. With regard this particular text John Chrysostom writes, â€Å"He was speaking of quietness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It is here that we note that the Apostle Paul did not instruct the women to be in submission to neither their husbands nor to the male leader ship of the church. But rather Paul suggests that the women assume an attitude of receptivity.Most likely the reason Paul suggests this posture is because the women of Ephesus had been learning ungodly worldly and material issues in submission to the teachings of false prophets (cf. 2 Tim. 3:6). Instead Paul would have these women surrender themselves to more orthodox instruction and to the authority of the true church teachers. Paul did not specifically indicate to whom the women were to submit themselves but conventional wisdom suggests that it would at least include the leaders of the congregation, those who were responsible for giving instructions in doctrine.In this particular instance Paul would have women educating themselves in quiet and submissiveness, not asserting themselves nor their opinions thereby yielding to those with greater understanding and knowledge. It is important to note what Paul does not do with his word choice here in 2:11. Even though the erring women at Ephesus were a serious problem it was not as serious as the rebellious men, empty talkers, and deceivers Paul speaks of to his disciple in Titus 1:10. In that instance Paul uses a much stronger word, epistomizo meaning to â€Å"stop the mouth† or â€Å"silence. Simply put, the women at Ephesus were not rebellious deceivers with evil intentions they were merely poorly educated in the spirit of Christianity and were in much need of being taught sound doctrine. First Timothy 2:12 stands in stark contrast to what we find in 1 Tim. 2:11. In 2:11 Paul is telling what women must do and in 2:12 he is telling them what he strictly prohibits them from doing. A proper exegesis of the verb epitrepo as found in verse 2:12 is that it is used in the present continual tense.Paul is not saying â€Å"I do not/will not/will never permit† but instead he is saying is that â€Å"I am not (now) permitting† or â€Å"Not at this time will I permit. † Phillip Payne summits that w ithin the New Testament Scriptures or even within the Septuagint that there exists no reference where this verb is used in the active indicative first person singular tense which would certainly imply perpetuity but rather it is only used to convey a timely and specific prohibition.One of the main thrusts of the Pastorals is to protect the fledgling church from the dangers of false teaching which, if left unchecked false teaching held the potential to permanently stain the church. The urgent nature of the situation at Ephesus is thereby expressed by Paul’s intent to curb such false teachings. In the same breath that Paul speaks about women and teaching he also addresses a woman’s exercise of authority over men. Rather than choosing two more commonly recognized verbs to describe authority (exousiazo) and power (kyrieuo) he uses a word found nowhere else in the New Testament authenteo.In the early days of the church the verb authenteo held two closely related meanings, à ¢â‚¬Å"instigating or perpetrating a crime’ and â€Å"the active wielding of influence (with respect to a person) or the initiation of an action. Harris also concludes that that the verb meant â€Å"to hold sway or use power, to be dominant. † In itself it never meant â€Å"to be an official† or â€Å"to be authorized. † Wilshire is in complete agreement with this position and comments that, â€Å"The meaning of authentein in 1 Tim 2:12 may not be â€Å"exercising authority† or even ‘holding sway or using power,’ or ‘being dominant. In itself it never meant ‘to be an official’ or ‘authorized ’† In establishing prohibitions against women teaching in 2:12 Paul introduces certain limitations in order that women could take full advantage of their learning. Paul envisioned something happening at Ephesus which had happened once before. The women at Ephesus had been lead to believe certain unorthodox thi ngs. The women in Ephesus were reminiscent of the woman in the Garden of Eden. Because of her lack of knowledge Eve had been deceived into believing certain â€Å"unorthodox† teachings as well.Such as if she would dare touch the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil she would become like God but she would not die. She authoritatively taught this to her husband. Unfortunately, Adam learned too well. In giving this command Paul wanted to break a similar sequence of events at Ephesus. Just as Adam and Eve destroyed themselves in Eden the church at Ephesus could also be destroyed. It is at this point that Paul as their own apostle and teacher (2:7), using his personal judgment (verse 12), he give the Ephesians this particular guideline. Conclusion The relationship of man and woman was established during creation week.Although created as equals in God’s image men and women are different but yet each complements each other. Standing equally before God each is c harged with his own personal spiritual responsibility and each has been given the opportunity to engage in a personal relationship with God through His gracious plan of redemption. Thus, man and woman are equally valuable, equally important, and equally necessary for God’s plans and purposes. Relational order was established during creation where man was formed first and was charged first with his role and then woman was addressed.This relational order is expressed over and over again throughout much of the Bible. Created to complement each other in a family unit so too, must men and women complement each other in the family of Jesus Christ. Each must recognize the needs of each other to accomplish the specific mission of the church. Understanding each other and ministering to full complement of his or her own good is the only way that men and women can minister together in the name of Jesus Christ. The Apostle Paul was known around central Asia as a liberator and a purveyor of peace.For the women of Ephesus learning God’s truth from those more knowledgeable than they was truly liberating for them. But in the two millennia that has passed simply learning in submission and never given the opportunity to mister to those who may need it the most to many is still the norm to follow. Paul never intended for women to simply learn and remain silent. It was Paul’s plan to have women mature as heirs according to God’s promise (cf. Gal. 3:26-29). Much as the writers of the New Testament passively accepted slavery there are few today that believe we should revert back to this archaic practice.In much the same way these same writers of New Testament Scripture accepted the oppression of women to be a part of daily life should we too deny women of today a leadership role as head of the local church? Just as Paul’s proclamation of equality in Galatians 3 stood for all in the city of Galatia to understand that all are one in Jesus Christ so should women of today be able to serve in whatever position they are qualified for. Have we received God’s wisdom or are we simply being foolish? 26 For you see your calling, brethren, that not many wise according to the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called. 7 But God has chosen the foolish things of the world to put to shame the wise, and God has chosen the weak things of the world to put to shame the things which are mighty; 28 and the base things of the world and the things which are despised God has chosen, and the things which are not, to bring to nothing the things that are, 29 that no flesh should glory in His presence. 30 But of Him you are in Christ Jesus, who became for us wisdom from God—and righteousness and sanctification and redemption— 31 that, as it is written, â€Å"He who glories, let him glory in the LORD. † 1 Corinthians 1:26-31 BibliographyBailey, Kenneth E. â€Å"Women in the New Testament: A Middle Eastern Cultural Vi ew. † Theology Matters 6, no. 1 (Jan/Feb 2000): 1-11. Cook, James I. The Church Speaks: Papers of the Commission on Theology Reformed Church in America. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002. Chrysostom, John. A Select library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, vol. XII, ed. Phillip Schaff. New York: The Christian Literature Company, 1908. Chrysostom, John. Saint Chrysostom’s Homilies on Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Part 13, ed.Philip Schaff. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2004. Ellis, E. Earle. The Making of the New Testament Documents. Boston: Brill Academic, 2002. Gotlieb, Roger E. This Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature and Environment. Abingdon: Routledge, 1995. Grentz, Stanley J. and Denise Kjesbo, Women in the Church: A Biblical Theology of Women in Ministry. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1995. Harris, Timothy J. â€Å"Why Did Paul Mention Eve's D eception? A Critique of P. W Bameit's ‘Interpretation of 1 Timothy 2. ’† EQ 62 (Apr-Jun 1990): 335-52. Kirk, J. R.Daniel. Jesus Have I Loved, But Paul? : A Narrative Approach to the Problem of Pauline Christianity. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2011. Kroeger, Richard and Catherine. Women, Elders†¦Sinners or Servants. Louisville: Council on Women and the Church, The United Presbyterian Church in the USA, 1981. Krupp, Joanne. Woman: God’s Plan Not Man’s Tradition. Salem: Preparing the Way Publishers, 1999. Lea, Thomas D. and Hayne P. Griffin, 1, 2 Timothy, Titus – The New American Commentary, vol. 34. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1992. McCabe, Elizabeth A.An Examination of the Isis Cult with Preliminary Exploration into New Testament Studies. Lanham: University Press of America, 2008. Meggitt, Justin J. Paul, Poverty and Survival. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998. Oster, Richard. 1 Corinthians. Joplin: College Press, 1995. Patzia, Arthur G. The Eme rgence of the Church: Context, Growth, Leadership and Worship. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2001. Payne, Phillip B. â€Å"Libertarian Women in Ephesus: A Response to Douglas J. Moo’s Article ‘1 Timothy 2:11-15: Meaning and Significance. ’† TrinJ 02:2 (Fall 1981): 169-197. Perriman, A. C. What Eve Did, What Women Shouldn’t Do: The Meaning of Auqentew in 1 Timothy 2:12. † TynBul 44. 1 (1993): 129-42. Sampley, J. Paul. Paul in the Greco-Roman World: A Handbook. Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 2003. Spencer, Aida Dina Besancon. â€Å"Eve at Ephesus: Should Women Be Ordained as Pastors According to the First Letter to Timothy 2:11-15? † JETS 17, no. 4 (Fall 1974): 215-22. Walker, William O. â€Å"Interpolations in the Pauline Letters,† from The Pauline Canon, ed. Stanley E. Porter. Boston: Brill Academic, 2004. Wilshire, Leland E. â€Å"1 Timothy 2:12 Revisited: A Reply to Paul W.Barnett and Timothy J. Harris. † EQ 65. 1 (Jan. -Mar 1993): 43-55. Witherington, Ben. Letters and Homilies for Hellenized Christians: A Socio-rhetorical Commentary on Titus, 1-2 Timothy, and 1-3 John. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2006. Womble, T. Scott. Beyond Reasonable Doubt: 95 Theses Which Dispute the Church’s Conviction Against Women. New York: Xulon Press, 2009. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. James I. Cook, The Church Speaks: Papers of the Commission on Theology Reformed Church in America (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002), 171. [ 2 ].Joanne Krupp, Woman: God’s Plan Not Man’s Tradition (Salem: Preparing the Way Publishers, 1999), 110. [ 3 ]. Justin J. Meggitt, Paul, Poverty and Survival (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1998), 150. [ 4 ]. J. Paul Sampley, Paul in the Greco-Roman World: A Handbook (Harrisburg: Trinity Press International, 2003), 125. [ 5 ]. J. R. Daniel Kirk, Jesus Have I Loved, But Pau l? : A Narrative Approach to the Problem of Pauline Christianity (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2011), 124. [ 6 ]. John Chrysostom, A Select library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, vol.XII, ed. Phillip Schaff (New York: The Christian Literature Company, 1908), 555. [ 7 ]. Kirk, 125. [ 8 ]. Richard and Catherine Kroeger, Women, Elders†¦Sinners or Servants (Louisville: Council on Women and the Church, The United Presbyterian Church in the USA, 1981), 10-11. [ 9 ]. Roger E. Gotlieb, This Sacred Earth: Religion, Nature and Environment (Abingdon: Routledge, 1995), 337. [ 10 ]. Richard Oster, 1 Corinthians (Joplin: College Press, 1995), 342. [ 11 ]. E. Earle Ellis, The Making of the New Testament Documents (Boston: Brill Academic, 2002), 433. [ 12 ].William O. Walker, â€Å"Interpolations in the Pauline Letters,† from The Pauline Canon, ed. Stanley E. Porter (Boston: Brill Academic, 2004), 232. [ 13 ]. Arthur G. Patzia, The Emergence of the Churc h: Context, Growth, Leadership and Worship (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2001), 179. [ 14 ]. Stanley J. Grentz and Denise Kjesbo, Women in the Church: A Biblical Theology of Women in Ministry (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1995), 128. [ 15 ]. Ibid. [ 16 ]. Kenneth E. Bailey, â€Å"Women in the New Testament: A Middle Eastern Cultural View,† Theology Matters 6, no. (Jan/Feb 2000): 8. [ 17 ]. John Chrysostom, Saint Chrysostom’s Homilies on Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Part 13, ed. Philip Schaff (Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2004), 441. [ 18 ]. Thomas D. Lea and Hayne P. Griffin, 1, 2 Timothy, Titus – The New American Commentary, vol. 34 (Nashville: Broadman Press, 1992), 98. [ 19 ]. T. Scott Womble, Beyond Reasonable Doubt: 95 Theses Which Dispute the Church’s Conviction Against Women (New York: Xulon Press, 2009), 187. 20 ]. Ben Witherington, Lette rs and Homilies for Hellenized Christians: A Socio-rhetorical Commentary on Titus, 1-2 Timothy, and 1-3 John (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2006), 226. [ 21 ]. Phillip B. Payne, â€Å"Libertarian Women in Ephesus: A Response to Douglas J. Moo’s Article ‘1 Timothy 2:11-15: Meaning and Significance,’† TrinJ 02:2 (Fall 1981): 172-73. [ 22 ]. Elizabeth A. McCabe, An Examination of the Isis Cult with Preliminary Exploration into New Testament Studies (Lanham: University Press of America, 2008), 101. [ 23 ]. A. C.Perriman, â€Å"What Eve Did, What Women Shouldn’t Do: The Meaning of Auqentew in 1 Timothy 2:12,† TynBul 44. 1 (1993): 138. [ 24 ]. Timothy J. Harris, â€Å"Why Did Paul Mention Eve's Deception? A Critique of P. W Bameit's ‘Interpretation of 1 Timothy 2,’† EQ 62 (Apr-Jun 1990): 342. [ 25 ]. Leland E. Wilshire, â€Å"1 Timothy 2:12 Revisited: A Reply to Paul W. Barnett and Timothy J. Harris,† EQ 65. 1 (Jan. -Mar 1993): 48. [ 26 ]. Aida Dina Besancon Spencer, â€Å"Eve at Ephesus: Should Women Be Ordained as Pastors According to the First Letter to Timothy 2:11-15? † JETS 17, no. 4 (Fall 1974): 219.

Free Essays on Evolution

Since the dawn of humanity, there has been a single question that has perplexed even the greatest of philosophers and scientists. Humans are, by nature, interested in their past. As a result every civilization through out time has sought to find the origin of life, and answered it to meet their needs. Early civilizations taught that there was a group of gods located on a far off mountain at the edge of the earth. These gods were responsible everything, ranging from the rising and setting of the sun to a young man winning a fair maidens hand in marriage. Civilizations grew more complex and learned more about the world around them. Soon events that were once looked at as magical or supernatural were explained and proven through logic, mathematical reasoning, and the evidence available. In the early to mid nineteenth century a scientist named Charles Darwin proposed a theory that broke the away from the common threads of reasoning that looked to deity or a higher force intervening with humans. Darwin?s proposition was labeled Natural Selection, or more commonly referred to as ?the survival of the fittest?. Darwin proposed that living beings evolve, or change, to meet the needs of the environment around them to allow the species to continue surviving if conditions such as the food source changes. Darwin?s theory was expanded later to a larger scale, to proclaim that live has evolved from a hydrogen that was present at the birth of the universe into all living things currently found on Earth. As with the theories and beliefs of early cultures, Darwin?s ?Theory of Evolution? must meet the same requirements in order to be viewed as plausible and believable. If the theory is logically based, mathematically supported, and there is either evidence promoting the theory, or a lack of evidence contrary to the theory it is accepted as a possible theory that explains life?s origins. However, Darwin?s theory fails to meet any of the regulations... Free Essays on Evolution Free Essays on Evolution Discussion Assignment # 2, Topic 2 Conflicts between scientists and nonscientist’s beliefs of evolution are nothing new to the scientific community. Scientists spend years solely on the research of evolution theories to provide evidence for evolution. This enables them to present facts and defend evolution as a truth. However, showing clear-cut evidence to a nonscientist that evolution exists still presents a major problem. Nonscientists lack the fundamental knowledge of science. They do not understand the chemical makeup of DNA or how cells are the building blocks for organisms. Nonscientists have a hard time comprehending the continuous subtle changes in DNA that occur over millions of years. These small but consistent changes can have dramatic transforming effects for an entire species. The majority of nonscientists draw from non-scientific sources to conclude where about human origins started. Most nonscientists draw from biblical records such as the canonical gospels of Christianity to conclude where our human origins originated. Nonscientists lack the knowledge of science and stick generally with the naà ¯ve acceptance of religious beliefs. These beliefs conclude that God, in his own image, made humans. These first humans were called Adam and Eve. Now, as some nonscientists are becoming more knowledgeable about evolution, a few are accepting the theory that Adam and Eve could have been very primitive humans. Evolving for millions of years, these humans progressed with modification and became the humans we are today. This belief shares common ground between scientists and nonscientists and tends to be a popular theory. However, many arrogant nonscientists will continue to believe only what has been taught by religions for centuries. Saying that a human evolved from primitive humans is very different than saying that humans evolved from an apelike ancestor. Nonscientists who accept religious beliefs conclude t... Free Essays on Evolution Since the dawn of humanity, there has been a single question that has perplexed even the greatest of philosophers and scientists. Humans are, by nature, interested in their past. As a result every civilization through out time has sought to find the origin of life, and answered it to meet their needs. Early civilizations taught that there was a group of gods located on a far off mountain at the edge of the earth. These gods were responsible everything, ranging from the rising and setting of the sun to a young man winning a fair maidens hand in marriage. Civilizations grew more complex and learned more about the world around them. Soon events that were once looked at as magical or supernatural were explained and proven through logic, mathematical reasoning, and the evidence available. In the early to mid nineteenth century a scientist named Charles Darwin proposed a theory that broke the away from the common threads of reasoning that looked to deity or a higher force intervening with humans. Darwin?s proposition was labeled Natural Selection, or more commonly referred to as ?the survival of the fittest?. Darwin proposed that living beings evolve, or change, to meet the needs of the environment around them to allow the species to continue surviving if conditions such as the food source changes. Darwin?s theory was expanded later to a larger scale, to proclaim that live has evolved from a hydrogen that was present at the birth of the universe into all living things currently found on Earth. As with the theories and beliefs of early cultures, Darwin?s ?Theory of Evolution? must meet the same requirements in order to be viewed as plausible and believable. If the theory is logically based, mathematically supported, and there is either evidence promoting the theory, or a lack of evidence contrary to the theory it is accepted as a possible theory that explains life?s origins. However, Darwin?s theory fails to meet any of the regulations...

Rule-Making Process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rule-Making Process - Research Paper Example The business rulemaking process promotes business effectiveness as well as efficiency. It also aims at promoting innovation, flexibility and technology integration. This is the reason why the public has to strain for the attainment of process objectives as it improves processes which include a process to define, improve and measure the optimization of rulemaking. The above study analyses how the stages involved in the rule-making process are able to afford clientele groups with opportunities to influence the process in their favor. In public administration, the rule-making process involves the executive and independent agencies that create regulations. The legislatures first formulate policy mandates and agencies follow creating detailed regulations. Rule-making process is the means where government regulations are created which include policies on environmental protection, workplace safety, and food safety. To achieve the rule-making process, it is necessary to have a direction on w hich to follow. The first stage includes the design stage. Having a good design which involves legislation is important as it reduced the number of problems that may occur in case the state wants to improve the process in future. This stage involves passing a law and creating a new administrative agency. It also aims at ensuring that the right design is implemented which include determining the process to be improved, forming the management team to work on the process, defining effective roles and responsibilities of every team member and finally identifying the objectives, goals and the expectations of every clientele group involved. The second stage is the releasing of advance notice of the proposed process. This makes it easy in defining the right rules to be implemented to the public. This involves publishing of the initial analysis of the matter for the public to input major issues. Any information regarding the proposed rule is provided to the public and they are advised to re view for any change. The third stage is where the agency publishes the proposed rule by use of the regulatory language in the Federal Register.

Summary Assignment-See Instruction Please Assignment

Summary -See Instruction Please - Assignment Example In my opinion, cultural pluralism has brought more good than bad to all. It creates uniqueness in most areas. Most of the minor cultures, tend to live in the same areas and cities. This way, cities are diversified. Different cities are known for different kinds of things and the environment changes per city due to the difference in cultures of people. Food for example diversifies cultures as different groups eat different kinds of things. The culture to where people belong, for example Hindu, Mexicans, African American, identifies them with the kind of food they prefer eating and their origin. This kind of variety is beneficial to the states. This way, different food places and restaurants serve foods according to culture. Politically, the diversity in culture has enabled the representation of all minorities in the government. Representation of all minorities is vital as it ensures none of the citizens are left out due to their culture or beliefs(Jucan 2010). This is important as the government thus includes the ideas of many into consideration and creates a wide range of options in decision making. In the congress for example, the representation of all cultural groups ensures that all people and their ideas are aired and looked into by the state. This way, the country has peace and harmony as all groups and their cultures are well represented politically. Pluralism has created so many types of representation in arts. The kinds of music found and originating from America are impeccable. Different groups have different kinds of music in a wide range of languages. This is beneficial as it creates a uniqueness in the artistic world of the whole state. This way, artists and musicians can present themselves to the world with respect to their culture. The existence of pluralism is thus important as it creates identity for all, in the artistic world. Religion is a sensitive part of everyone’s lives. It identifies people